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Maritime history is the study of human activity at sea. It covers a broad thematic element of history that often uses a global approach, although national and regional histories remain predominant. As an academic subject, it often crosses the boundaries of standard disciplines, focusing on understanding humankind's various relationships to the oceans, seas, and major waterways of the globe. Nautical history records and interprets past events involving ships, shipping, navigation, and seafarers.〔(Maritime History, Archaeology and Travel Research Project )〕 Maritime history is the broad overarching subject that includes fishing, whaling, international maritime law, naval history, the history of ships, ship design, shipbuilding, the history of navigation, the history of the various maritime-related sciences (oceanography, cartography, hydrography, etc.), sea exploration, maritime economics and trade, shipping, yachting, seaside resorts, the history of lighthouses and aids to navigation, maritime themes in literature, maritime themes in art, the social history of sailors and passengers and sea-related communities.〔John B. Hattendorf, editor in chief, ''Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History'', (Oxford, 2007), volume 1, introduction.〕 There are a number of approaches to the field, sometimes divided into two broad categories: Traditionalists, who seek to engage a small audience of other academics, and Utilitarians, who seek to influence policy makers and a wider audience. ==Historiography== Historians from many lands have published monographs, popular and scholarly articles, and collections of archival resources. A leading journal is ''International Journal of Maritime History'', a fully refereed scholarly journal published twice a year by the International Maritime Economic History Association. Based in Canada with an international editorial board, it explores the maritime dimensions of economic, social, cultural, and environmental history.〔See (IJMH website )〕 For a broad overview, see the four-volume encyclopedia edited by John B. Hattendorf, ''Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History'' (Oxford, 2007). It contains over 900 articles by 400 scholars and runs 2900 pages.〔It is online (at many libraries )〕 Other major reference resources are Spencer Tucker, ed., ''Naval Warfare: An International Encyclopedia'' (3 vol. ABC-CLIO, 2002) with 1500 articles in 1231, pages, and I. C. B. Dear and Peter Kemp, eds., ''Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea'' (2nd ed. 2005) with 2600 articles in 688 pages.〔It is (online at many libraries )〕 Typically, studies of merchant shipping and of defensive navies are seen as separate fields. Inland waterways are included within 'maritime history,' especially inland seas such as the Great Lakes of North America, and major navigable rivers and canals world-wide. One approach to maritime history writing has been nicknamed 'rivet counting' because of a focus on the minutiae of the vessel. But revisionist scholars are creating new turns in the study of maritime history. This includes a post-1980s turn towards the study of human users of ships (which involves sociology, cultural geography, gender studies and narrative studies);〔This began with the Maritime History Group,''Working men who got wet: Proceedings of the fourth conference of the Atlantic Canada Shipping Project, July 24-July 26, 1980'', (Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John, 1980)〕 and post-2000 turn towards seeing sea travel as part of the wider history of transport and mobilities. This move is sometimes associated with Marcus Rediker and Black Atlantic studies, but most recently has emerged from the International Association for the History of Transport, Traffic and Mobilities (T2M)〔see Yearbooks for 2009–2012, especially in the 2009 volume, article by Gijs Mom, Colin Divall and Peter Lyth, "Towards a Paradigm Shift? A Decade of Transport and Mobility History," http://t2m.org/publications/yearbook/(ref).〕 :''See also'': Historiography related articles below 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maritime history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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